Liver Fluke Diseases

Liver fluke diseases, caused by parasitic flatworms of the family Opisthorchiidae and Fasciolidae, affect the liver, bile ducts, and gallbladder. The two main species responsible for human infections are Opisthorchis viverrini and Fasciola hepatica. These parasites have complex life cycles involving freshwater snails as intermediate hosts and infective stages (metacercariae) encysted on aquatic plants. Transmission to humans occurs through the ingestion of undercooked or raw freshwater fish containing the infective metacercariae. In areas where liver fluke diseases are endemic, cultural practices involving the consumption of raw or fermented fish contribute to the high prevalence of these infections. Clinical manifestations of liver fluke diseases vary depending on the species involved. Opisthorchis viverrini infections can lead to cholangiocarcinoma, a type of bile duct cancer, while Fasciola hepatica infections cause hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Chronic infections may result in complications such as jaundice, abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves stool examination for parasite eggs, serological tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scans. Anthelmintic medications, such as praziquantel or triclabendazole, are used for treatment, but prevention through proper cooking of fish and public health education is crucial in endemic regions.