Ocular Infections

Ocular infections encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the various structures of the eye, including the conjunctiva, cornea, uvea, and retina. Bacterial conjunctivitis, commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae, presents with redness, discharge, and irritation. Viral conjunctivitis, often associated with adenoviruses, manifests with watery discharge, redness, and photophobia. Keratitis, an infection of the cornea, can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites and results in pain, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light. Uveitis involves inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, and can be infectious or non-infectious. Infectious uveitis may result from various pathogens, including herpesviruses or Toxoplasma gondii, leading to symptoms such as eye pain, floaters, and vision changes. Endophthalmitis, a severe intraocular infection often associated with surgery or trauma, can lead to rapid vision loss if not promptly treated. Diagnosis of ocular infections involves clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, such as slit-lamp examination, corneal scraping, or ocular ultrasound. Treatment may include topical or systemic antimicrobial agents, antiviral medications, or, in some cases, surgical intervention.